{"id":14125,"date":"2019-08-26T12:39:31","date_gmt":"2019-08-26T10:39:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.baseland.fr\/recherches\/pour-une-serendipite-urbaine\/"},"modified":"2021-01-06T17:08:30","modified_gmt":"2021-01-06T16:08:30","slug":"pour-une-serendipite-urbaine","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.baseland.fr\/en\/recherches\/pour-une-serendipite-urbaine\/","title":{"rendered":"For urban serendipity"},"content":{"rendered":"[vc_row type=”full_width_content” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” bg_image=”7311″ bg_position=”right top” bg_repeat=”no-repeat” scene_position=”center” text_color=”light” text_align=”left” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” class=”iconetop” id=”first” color_overlay=”#000000″ overlay_strength=”0.5″ gradient_direction=”left_to_right” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none” parallax_bg=”true” parallax_bg_speed=”fixed” shape_type=””][vc_column column_padding=”padding-2-percent” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”left” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][nectar_icon icon_family=”linea” enable_animation=”true” animation_speed=”slow” icon_style=”default” icon_color_type=”color_scheme” icon_color=”white” icon_padding=”20px” icon_linea=”icon-arrows-slim-left” icon_size=”80″ url=”\/recherches\/”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=”full_width_content” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” 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column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][vc_row_inner column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” text_align=”left”][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/5″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/5″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/5″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][image_with_animation image_url=”3544″ animation=”Fade In” hover_animation=”none” alignment=”center” border_radius=”none” box_shadow=”none” image_loading=”default” max_width=”100%” max_width_mobile=”default” el_class=”hache”][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/5″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/5″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” text_align=”center”][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][divider line_type=”No Line” custom_height=”100″][vc_column_text el_class=”titrepage”]FOR URBAN SERENDIPITY[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” top_padding=”5%” text_align=”left”][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/5″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/5″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none” enable_animation=”true” animation=”fade-in-from-bottom”][divider line_type=”No Line” custom_height=”10″][vc_column_text]BASE[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” el_class=”detailsart” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/5″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none” enable_animation=”true” animation=”fade-in-from-bottom”][divider line_type=”No Line” custom_height=”10″][vc_column_text]AUGUST 2019[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/5″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none” enable_animation=”true” animation=”fade-in-from-bottom”][divider line_type=”No Line” custom_height=”10″][vc_column_text]Read time : 5 min[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/5″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” bottom_padding=”5%” text_align=”left”][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/5″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/5″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none” enable_animation=”true” animation=”fade-in-from-bottom”][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/5″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none” enable_animation=”true” animation=”fade-in-from-bottom”][nectar_icon icon_family=”linea” enable_animation=”true” animation_speed=”slow” icon_style=”default” icon_color_type=”color_scheme” icon_color=”white” icon_padding=”20px” icon_linea=”icon-arrows-down” icon_size=”40″ url=”#intro”][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” 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full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” scene_position=”center” text_color=”light” text_align=”left” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” id=”intro” color_overlay=”#000000″ overlay_strength=”0.5″ gradient_direction=”left_to_right” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none” parallax_bg=”true” parallax_bg_speed=”fixed” shape_type=””][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”left” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][page_submenu alignment=”center” sticky=”true” bg_color=”#ffffff”][page_link title=”Retour” id=”1609949288297-1″ tab_id=”1609949288299-2″ link_url=”\/recherches\/”][\/page_link][page_link link_url=”#role” title=”Pour une s\u00e9rendipit\u00e9 urbaine” id=”1609949288318-8″ tab_id=”1609949288319-9″] [\/page_link][page_link title=”Pour une ville modulable” id=”1609949288324-3″ tab_id=”1609949288325-9″ link_url=”#pollution”][\/page_link][page_link title=”Conclusion” id=”1609949288333-8″ tab_id=”1609949288335-10″ link_url=”#conclusion”][\/page_link][\/page_submenu][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=”full_width_background” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” bg_image=”7311″ background_image_mobile_hidden=”true” bg_position=”center top” bg_repeat=”no-repeat” scene_position=”center” bottom_padding=”6%” text_color=”dark” text_align=”left” 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el_class=”titreart”]Pour une s\u00e9rendipit\u00e9 urbaine[\/vc_column_text][divider line_type=”No Line” custom_height=”30″][vc_column_text el_class=”texteart”]\n

Lors de l\u2019inauguration de la biblioth\u00e8que communale de Milan en 1981, l\u2019\u00e9crivain italien Umberto Eco disait\u00a0: \u00ab Il n\u2019y a rien de plus r\u00e9v\u00e9lateur et passionnant que d\u2019explorer des rayons o\u00f9 se trouvent par exemple tous les livres sur un sujet donn\u00e9, (\u2026) et de trouver \u00e0 c\u00f4t\u00e9 du livre qu\u2019on \u00e9tait all\u00e9 chercher un autre livre qu\u2019on ne cherchait pas et qui se r\u00e9v\u00e8le \u00eatre fondamental. \u00bb \u00c0 l’image des “<\/em>Serendipity shops” <\/em>anglais, des boutiques o\u00f9 l’on trouve des id\u00e9es inattendues de cadeaux.<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][divider line_type=”No Line” custom_height=”30″][image_with_animation image_url=”7311″ animation=”Fade In” hover_animation=”none” alignment=”” border_radius=”none” box_shadow=”none” image_loading=”default” max_width=”100%” max_width_mobile=”default”][vc_column_text el_class=”texteart infocomp”]\n

Photo d’un “Serendipity Shop”<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][divider line_type=”No Line” custom_height=”30″][vc_column_text el_class=”texteart”]Transpos\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle urbaine, la biblioth\u00e8que est une m\u00e9taphore int\u00e9ressante pour penser la ville comme un lieu de s\u00e9rendipit\u00e9. Explorer les recoins d\u2019une ville, comme fureter les rayons d\u2019une biblioth\u00e8que est un jeu de pistes. L\u2019exp\u00e9rience urbaine doit offrir l\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 un univers ouvert \u00e0 la d\u00e9couverte et aux rencontres fortuites. En cherchant un lieu, on en trouve un autre encore plus int\u00e9ressant, ou on rencontre quelqu\u2019un. La maximisation de ces interactions est fondamentale dans notre conception de la ville.<\/p>\n

La cr\u00e9ativit\u00e9 ne se planifie ou ne se programme pas\u00a0: au contraire, elle trouve son essence dans l\u2019espace de n\u00e9ant que lui offre la ville. Par exemple, au c\u0153ur du centre bombard\u00e9 du\u00a0Berlin ann\u00e9e z\u00e9ro<\/em> (post-1945) s\u2019est d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 une \u00ab culture du vide \u00bb. Des installations de toutes formes ont germ\u00e9 dans les dents creuses\u00a0: march\u00e9s improvis\u00e9s, aires de jeu, jardins collectifs se sont ins\u00e9r\u00e9s dans le paysage urbain d\u2019une capitale encore d\u00e9vast\u00e9e. A la suite de la r\u00e9unification de Berlin, la reconversion urbaine du no man\u2019s land<\/em> autour du mur a offert un espace immense de possibilit\u00e9s urbanistiques.<\/p>\n

Ces espaces ind\u00e9termin\u00e9s fa\u00e7onnent la cr\u00e9ativit\u00e9 dans la ville d\u2019une mani\u00e8re plus libre que ses tissus d\u00e9j\u00e0 b\u00e2tis. Le paysage urbain est ainsi devenu hybride\u00a0: il propose un d\u00e9veloppement spontan\u00e9 du territoire que les cr\u00e9atifs peuvent s\u2019approprier, de mani\u00e8re \u00e9ph\u00e9m\u00e8re ou p\u00e9renne.<\/p>\n

L\u2019appropriation de lieux d\u00e9laiss\u00e9s et parfois marginaux constitue souvent la premi\u00e8re initiative de r\u00e9invention de la ville par les cr\u00e9atifs. En animant un lieu qui a tendance \u00e0 se d\u00e9grader, ses acteurs contribuent \u00e0 la pr\u00e9servation de son patrimoine et le reconvertissent en un terrain d\u2019exp\u00e9rimentation. On peut observer cette hybridation de l\u2019espace \u00e0 travers le projet d\u2019occupation temporaire de l\u2019h\u00f4pital Saint-Vincent-de-Paul \u00e0 Paris par Les Grands Voisins. En parall\u00e8le des travaux visant \u00e0 transformer le site en \u00e9coquartier, cette exp\u00e9rience a permis d\u2019investir les lieux \u00e0 travers une possibilit\u00e9 d\u2019usages multiples. Cet espace de transition est d\u00e9sormais un centre d\u2019h\u00e9bergement de personnes en difficult\u00e9 et un grand espace d\u2019activit\u00e9 d\u2019associations, start-ups, artistes et artisans.<\/p>\n

Nous pensons donc que la planification urbaine syst\u00e9matique des architectes et urbanistes n\u2019est pas une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/a>. Ce sont des acteurs divers, par leur inventivit\u00e9 et leurs improvisations, qui font la ville de tous les jours. Notre id\u00e9e du projet urbain doit rendre possible la cr\u00e9ation d\u2019un univers d\u2019o\u00f9 \u00e9manent les exp\u00e9rimentations et la participation collective. La ville tentaculaire et standardis\u00e9e repr\u00e9sente l\u2019antith\u00e8se m\u00eame de la ville cr\u00e9ative. L\u2019am\u00e9nagement autoritaire du territoire s\u2019est \u00e9puis\u00e9\u00a0: il doit d\u00e9sormais laisser place \u00e0 des partenariats entre tous les acteurs urbains pour penser de nouvelles mani\u00e8res d\u2019habiter, de travailler, de se d\u00e9placer, de se divertir.<\/a><\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/6″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” text_align=”left” el_id=”pollution”][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/6″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”2\/3″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][divider line_type=”No Line” custom_height=”30″][vc_column_text el_class=”soutitreart”]Pour une ville modulable[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text el_class=”texteart”]\n

De nombreuses villes ont tent\u00e9 d\u2019instrumentaliser la culture par la r\u00e9alisation d\u2019un projet architectural massif qui r\u00e9v\u00e8lerait la cr\u00e9ativit\u00e9 et la modernit\u00e9 de la ville. Cette strat\u00e9gie cr\u00e9ative, portant pour r\u00e9f\u00e9rence Bilbao et son mus\u00e9e Guggenheim (l\u2019unique succ\u00e8s en la mati\u00e8re) a montr\u00e9 ses limites. De plus, la fabrique d\u2019une ville cr\u00e9ative \u00e9choue si elle s\u2019op\u00e8re uniquement sous des motifs commerciaux ou promotionnels.
\nAu contraire, nous pensons que les espaces doivent devenir polyvalents et modulables en fonction des besoins et d\u00e9sirs des citadins. Dans le cadre d\u2019une ville \u00e0 la fois durable et cr\u00e9ative, limiter la consommation de l\u2019espace nous permet de concevoir des lieux destin\u00e9s \u00e0 faire coexister un grand nombre d\u2019activit\u00e9s. Certaines initiatives du projet d\u2019am\u00e9nagement de l\u2019\u00eele de Nantes pilot\u00e9 \u00e0 partir de 2003 illustrent cette volont\u00e9. De grands volumes initialement r\u00e9serv\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019accueil d\u2019\u00e9quipements productifs ont \u00e9t\u00e9 laiss\u00e9s libres pour faire vivre de nouveaux projets cr\u00e9atifs temporaires ou durables. En offrant une certaine capacit\u00e9 d\u2019initiative aux cr\u00e9ateurs, ce vide programmatique a permis d\u2019accueillir un grand nombre d\u2019usages et d\u2019activit\u00e9s.
\nL\u2019urbanisme d\u2019aujourd\u2019hui doit tirer des le\u00e7ons des mutations sociales, des pratiques \u00e9mergentes et des changements de mentalit\u00e9. L\u2019individu devient de plus en plus mobile, mais aussi instable dans le choix de ses activit\u00e9s et espaces de vie. Il est \u00e9galement en proie \u00e0 toute innovation qui pourrait modifier son quotidien. Ainsi, toute d\u00e9couverte, tout nouvelle interaction des citadins peut faire modifier l\u2019animation cr\u00e9ative d\u2019un lieu. Il faut ainsi penser une offre urbaine plus souple qui puisse s\u2019adapter \u00e0 l\u2019impr\u00e9visibilit\u00e9 de l\u2019individu et favoriser la s\u00e9rendipit\u00e9 urbaine. Nous devons penser des espaces qui puissent se moduler en fonction du jour, de la saison ou de l\u2019ann\u00e9e. La fabrique d\u2019une ville cr\u00e9ative ne peut pas se faire du b\u00e2ti fig\u00e9 : au contraire, elle trouve son sens dans une ville \u00ab mall\u00e9able \u00bb qui s\u2019adapte aux \u00e9volutions de l\u2019urbain.<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/6″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” bottom_padding=”3%” text_align=”left” el_id=”conclusion”][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/6″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”2\/3″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][divider line_type=”No Line” custom_height=”30″]

Sources :<\/strong><\/p>\n