{"id":14122,"date":"2019-08-27T10:56:59","date_gmt":"2019-08-27T08:56:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.baseland.fr\/recherches\/pour-des-terrains-de-jeux-plus-permissifs\/"},"modified":"2021-01-06T17:07:24","modified_gmt":"2021-01-06T16:07:24","slug":"pour-des-terrains-de-jeux-plus-permissifs","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.baseland.fr\/en\/recherches\/pour-des-terrains-de-jeux-plus-permissifs\/","title":{"rendered":"The case for more permissive playgrounds"},"content":{"rendered":"[vc_row type=”full_width_content” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” bg_image=”7657″ bg_position=”right top” bg_repeat=”no-repeat” scene_position=”center” text_color=”light” text_align=”left” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” class=”iconetop” id=”first” color_overlay=”#000000″ overlay_strength=”0.5″ gradient_direction=”left_to_right” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none” parallax_bg=”true” parallax_bg_speed=”fixed” shape_type=””][vc_column column_padding=”padding-2-percent” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”left” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][nectar_icon icon_family=”linea” enable_animation=”true” animation_speed=”slow” icon_style=”default” icon_color_type=”color_scheme” icon_color=”white” icon_padding=”20px” icon_linea=”icon-arrows-slim-left” icon_size=”80″ url=”\/recherches\/”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=”full_width_content” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” bg_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0.3)” bg_image=”7657″ bg_position=”left top” bg_repeat=”no-repeat” scene_position=”center” top_padding=”12%” bottom_padding=”2%” text_color=”light” text_align=”center” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” color_overlay=”#000000″ overlay_strength=”0.5″ gradient_direction=”left_to_right” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none” parallax_bg=”true” parallax_bg_speed=”fixed” shape_type=””][vc_column column_padding=”padding-2-percent” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”left” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][vc_row_inner column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” text_align=”left”][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/5″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/5″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/5″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][image_with_animation image_url=”3544″ animation=”Fade In” hover_animation=”none” alignment=”center” border_radius=”none” box_shadow=”none” image_loading=”default” max_width=”100%” max_width_mobile=”default” el_class=”hache”][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/5″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/5″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” text_align=”center”][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][divider line_type=”No Line” custom_height=”100″][vc_column_text el_class=”titrepage”]THE CASE FOR MORE
\nPERMISSIVE PLAYGROUNDS[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” top_padding=”5%” text_align=”left”][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/5″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/5″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none” enable_animation=”true” animation=”fade-in-from-bottom”][divider line_type=”No Line” custom_height=”10″][vc_column_text]BASE[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” el_class=”detailsart” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/5″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none” enable_animation=”true” animation=”fade-in-from-bottom”][divider line_type=”No Line” custom_height=”10″][vc_column_text]MARCH 2019[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/5″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none” enable_animation=”true” animation=”fade-in-from-bottom”][divider line_type=”No Line” custom_height=”10″][vc_column_text]Read time : 10 min[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/5″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” bottom_padding=”5%” text_align=”left”][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/5″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/5″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none” enable_animation=”true” animation=”fade-in-from-bottom”][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/5″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none” enable_animation=”true” animation=”fade-in-from-bottom”][nectar_icon icon_family=”linea” 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link_url=”#francaise”][\/page_link][page_link title=”Sources” id=”1609949203800-10″ tab_id=”1609949203801-4″ link_url=”#conclusion”][\/page_link][\/page_submenu][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=”full_width_background” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” bg_image=”7657″ background_image_mobile_hidden=”true” bg_position=”center top” bg_repeat=”no-repeat” scene_position=”center” bottom_padding=”6%” text_color=”dark” text_align=”left” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” class=”contenuarticle” overlay_strength=”0.5″ gradient_direction=”left_to_right” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none” parallax_bg=”true” parallax_bg_speed=”fixed” shape_type=””][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color=”#ffffff” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][vc_row_inner column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” text_align=”left” el_id=”role”][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/6″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”2\/3″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][divider line_type=”No Line” custom_height=”30″][vc_column_text el_class=”titreart”]De l’aire de jeux au terrain d’aventure[\/vc_column_text][divider line_type=”No Line” custom_height=”30″][vc_column_text el_class=”texteart”]\n

Pendant des si\u00e8cles, les enfants disposaient de grands terrains de jeux offerts par la nature environnante. Pour les enfants de campagne, les prairies, for\u00eats et berges \u00e9taient leurs lieux de r\u00e9cr\u00e9ation et d\u2019aventure. Les enfants en ville disposaient eux des terrains vagues ou des parcs, encore laiss\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019usage libre. <\/span><\/p>\n

Cependant, les espaces d\u00e9di\u00e9s au divertissement des enfants ont \u00e9volu\u00e9 avec la modernit\u00e9. L\u2019urbanisation et l\u2019industrialisation ont largement modifi\u00e9 les espaces de r\u00e9cr\u00e9ativit\u00e9 des enfants. Le jeu, activit\u00e9 ayant exist\u00e9 de tous temps, va \u00eatre repens\u00e9 \u00e0 travers l\u2019av\u00e8nement des m\u00e9tropoles. Les premi\u00e8res aires de jeux sont apparues en Angleterre et aux \u00c9tats-Unis suite \u00e0 l\u2019exode rural durant la seconde moiti\u00e9 du XIX\u00e8me si\u00e8cle. Ces terrains de jeu avaient pour objectif de canaliser l\u2019\u00e9nergie des enfants de prol\u00e9taires, afin qu\u2019ils ne tra\u00eenent pas dans les rues des villes. Depuis, ces aires de jeu sont trop souvent pens\u00e9es de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 montrer aux enfants comment ils doivent jouer et se comporter, leur arrachant toute potentialit\u00e9 de permissivit\u00e9. <\/span><\/p>\n

En France, les aires de jeux dans nos parcs et squares sont standardis\u00e9es, limit\u00e9es par des horaires fixes et des r\u00e8glements contraignants. Les \u00e9quipements sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement peu propices \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9panouissement des enfants : au contraire, ils les ennuient. L\u2019enfant est souvent limit\u00e9 aux mouvements r\u00e9p\u00e9titifs que lui proposent ces espaces aseptis\u00e9s : monter dans le toboggan, glisser, faire de la balan\u00e7oire\u2026 Quand il atteint les limites techniques du jeu, il en sera rapidement lass\u00e9 ou bien va tenter de les d\u00e9passer en d\u00e9tournant les r\u00e8gles, ce qui va rendre le jeu inadapt\u00e9 et dangereux. <\/span><\/p>\n

De plus en plus s\u00e9dentaire, l\u2019enfant est plus fascin\u00e9 par les jeux vid\u00e9o et les outils num\u00e9riques. Comment ces environnements st\u00e9riles offrant si peu de challenge pour l\u2019enfant peuvent concurrencer des jeux vid\u00e9o d\u00e9bordant d\u2019imagination ? <\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\u00ab Rares sont d\u00e9sormais les moments o\u00f9 l\u2019enfant est autonome, sans le contr\u00f4le d\u2019un adulte, libre de r\u00eavasser, de bricoler, de ne rien faire ou de pr\u00e9parer une quelconque b\u00eatise<\/em> \u00bb Thierry Pacquot, La ville r\u00e9cr\u00e9ative, 2015 <\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Dans ce contexte, les adventure playgrounds ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sollicit\u00e9s pour briser ce \u00ab cercle de la surprotection \u00bb (Isabelle Par\u00e9). Ils sont con\u00e7us pour lib\u00e9rer les activit\u00e9s de l\u2019enfant en l\u2019exposant au risque et en lui apprenant \u00e0 \u00eatre responsable. <\/span><\/p>\n

En 1931, le paysagiste danois Karl Theodor Sorensen est le premier \u00e0 penser ces playgrounds qui permettraient aux enfants de laisser libre cours \u00e0 leur inventivit\u00e9 et leur cr\u00e9ativit\u00e9. L\u2019id\u00e9e est ensuite reprise par la paysagiste Lady Allen of Hutwood qui utilise le concept de junk playground \u00e0 Londres en am\u00e9nageant des aires de jeu sur des d\u00e9chets et d\u00e9combres issus de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Les \u00e9crits de la paysagiste et notamment son ouvrage Planning for Play popularisent l\u2019id\u00e9e de terrains de jeu \u00e0 l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re \u00ab libre et tol\u00e9rante \u00bb. <\/span><\/p>\n

Laisser place \u00e0 la permissivit\u00e9 et \u00e0 l\u2019imaginaire collectif des enfants est au c\u0153ur de la conception de ces terrains d\u2019aventure. L\u2019observation de plusieurs projets nous offrent des pistes de r\u00e9flexion afin de concevoir l\u2019am\u00e9nagement d\u2019espaces de divertissement plus stimulants pour les enfants et adolescents.<\/span><\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][divider line_type=”No Line” custom_height=”30″][image_with_animation image_url=”7652″ animation=”Fade In” hover_animation=”none” alignment=”” border_radius=”none” box_shadow=”none” image_loading=”default” max_width=”100%” max_width_mobile=”default”][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/6″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” text_align=”left” el_id=”pollution”][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/6″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”2\/3″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][divider line_type=”No Line” custom_height=”30″][vc_column_text el_class=”soutitreart”]Focus sur quelques exp\u00e9riences de terrains de jeu permissifs[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text el_class=”texteart”]\n

Green Thumbs and Sore Thumbs Pointe Saint-Charles, Montr\u00e9al<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Pendant l\u2019\u00e9t\u00e9 1972, deux \u00e9tudiants de l\u2019\u00e9cole d\u2019architecture de l\u2019universit\u00e9 McGill ont profit\u00e9 de terrains vacants dans Pointe-St-Charles, Montr\u00e9al pour concevoir des terrains d\u2019aventure et de culture pour enfants et adolescents.<\/span><\/p>\n

La conception de ces espaces libres a n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 des travaux de jardinage et de terrassement de la part des enfants. Cette exp\u00e9rience permet d\u2019imaginer comment adapter des jeux de nature dans un environnement urbain. Sous la supervision d\u2019adolescents, les enfants int\u00e8grent des valeurs et le savoir-faire du scoutisme dans des espaces urbains. <\/span><\/p>\n

Cette exp\u00e9rience repr\u00e9sente un mod\u00e8le de projet associatif au sein d\u2019un quartier mettant au c\u0153ur les activit\u00e9s des jeunes afin de redonner vie \u00e0 des espaces inoccup\u00e9s. Elle favorise \u00e0 la fois des activit\u00e9s physiques et d\u2019intelligence manuelle, qui stimulent la cr\u00e9ativit\u00e9 de ses usagers. L\u2019enfant est un acteur \u00e0 part enti\u00e8re de l\u2019espace qu\u2019il occupe : en s\u2019adaptant \u00e0 son environnement. <\/span><\/p>\n

De plus, en faisant adopter des chemins buissonniers aux enfants, on peut les \u00e9carter un peu de leur obstination pour le digital en leur donnant des outils qui stimulent leur cr\u00e9ativit\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n

The Land, Wrexham, Pays de Galles<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Le parc rebaptis\u00e9 The Land est l\u2019un des terrains d\u2019aventures le plus connu et m\u00e9diatis\u00e9 dans la presse anglo-saxonne. A l\u2019entr\u00e9e, l\u2019\u00e9criteau \u00ab The Land. A space full of possibilities \u00bb donne le ton. Con\u00e7u pour les enfants de cinq \u00e0 seize ans, le parc regorge de planches de bois, palettes, pneus, cordes, barils et tuyaux de r\u00e9cup\u00e9ration. <\/span><\/p>\n

Dans un environnement \u00e0 la fois permissif et enti\u00e8rement recycl\u00e9, les enfants jouent avec cet am\u00e9nagement tout en ayant une part de libert\u00e9 \u00e0 explorer. En mettant \u00e0 leur disposition des planches, des tournevis et des marteaux sous la supervision d\u2019un animateur, les capacit\u00e9s manuelles et la cr\u00e9ativit\u00e9 de l\u2019enfant sont \u00e9veill\u00e9es. <\/span><\/p>\n

De plus, l\u2019enfant peut participer \u00e0 la conception de son propre terrain de jeux : il adapte le lieu en fonction de ses envies. L\u2019usage de ces lieux propos\u00e9s pour les enfants est conditionn\u00e9 par leur imagination et leur coop\u00e9ration pour le construire leur propre terrain de divertissement. La dimension participative est essentielle dans cette d\u00e9marche : c\u2019est \u00e0 travers la communication et l\u2019entraide que l\u2019enfant d\u00e9veloppe ses capacit\u00e9s. <\/span><\/p>\n

L\u2019am\u00e9nagement de terrains de jeu plus permissifs ne provoque pas une augmentation des accidents : l\u2019enfant est capable de franchir progressivement les seuils de difficult\u00e9 en mesurant le risque que pr\u00e9sente l\u2019activit\u00e9. L\u2019am\u00e9nagement d\u2019aires de r\u00e9cr\u00e9ativit\u00e9 plus permissives d\u00e9veloppent plut\u00f4t l\u2019aspect ludique de la d\u00e9couverte et en donnant plus de responsabilit\u00e9 \u00e0 ses utilisateurs. <\/span><\/p>\n

Imagination playgrounds, \u00c9tats-Unis<\/span><\/strong> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Traditionnellement, les structures qui composent les aires de jeux ne changent jamais d\u2019apparence, alors que ses usages sont pourtant transform\u00e9s au gr\u00e9 de l\u2019imagination des enfants. C\u2019est \u00e0 partir de ce constat que l\u2019architecte David Rockwell a con\u00e7u les Imagination Playgrounds. <\/span><\/p>\n

Ces terrains de jeu sont compos\u00e9s de blocs en mousse bleue que les enfants peuvent embo\u00eeter, empiler, d\u00e9monter et reconfigurer afin de cr\u00e9er leur propre univers. Au lieu d\u2019\u00e9voluer dans un espace fig\u00e9 et polic\u00e9, l\u2019enfant participe \u00e0 la conception de son propre terrain de jeux et l\u2019adapte en fonction de ses envies. Cet exemple est aussi int\u00e9ressant pour sa dimension interg\u00e9n\u00e9rationnelle. <\/span><\/p>\n

Jeu de construction \u00e0 taille r\u00e9elle, il est adaptable \u00e0 diff\u00e9rentes tranches d\u2019\u00e2ge. Les blocs de construction sont propos\u00e9s en trois tailles : les petits et moyens pourront s\u2019adapter aux jeux de construction des plus petits (moins de quatre ans) tandis que les blocs de grande taille seront eux plus propices \u00e0 la co-construction entre des enfants plus \u00e2g\u00e9s. Ce potentiel de cr\u00e9ativit\u00e9 est d\u2019autant plus stimul\u00e9 par la communication et la coop\u00e9ration des jeunes joueurs. <\/span><\/p>\n

Par cons\u00e9quent, l\u2019aire de jeux interg\u00e9n\u00e9rationnelle peut \u00eatre con\u00e7ue comme une source d\u2019inventivit\u00e9 et d\u2019imagination collective.<\/span><\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][divider line_type=”No Line” custom_height=”30″][image_with_animation image_url=”7653″ animation=”Fade In” hover_animation=”none” alignment=”” border_radius=”none” box_shadow=”none” image_loading=”default” max_width=”100%” max_width_mobile=”default”][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/6″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” text_align=”left” el_id=”francaise”][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/6″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”2\/3″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][divider line_type=”No Line” custom_height=”30″][vc_column_text el_class=”soutitreart”]Comment adapter des terrains d’aventure \u00e0 la fran\u00e7aise ?[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text el_class=”texteart”]\n

Si nous pr\u00e9conisons la fin des aires de jeux obs\u00e9d\u00e9es par l\u2019aspect s\u00e9curitaire, il est toutefois primordial de prendre en compte les r\u00e8glementations fran\u00e7aises. Il s\u2019agit donc de savoir comment adopter et adapter les formules des terrains d\u2019aventure anglo-saxons aux municipalit\u00e9s fran\u00e7aises.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ma\u00eetrise des normes s\u00e9curitaires<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u2019est en ma\u00eetrisant parfaitement la r\u00e8glementation qu\u2019on peut l\u2019interpr\u00e9ter librement. Les normes r\u00e9gissant la conception des aires de jeu, en termes de r\u00e9sistance, non inflammabilit\u00e9 ou non conduction de la chaleur pour les mat\u00e9riaux des jeux doivent \u00eatre assimil\u00e9es tr\u00e8s en amont du projet. Il est n\u00e9cessaire d\u2019engager des discussions avec le bureau de contr\u00f4le en charge de certifier le terrain d\u2019aventure \/ jardin \u00e0 construire le plus t\u00f4t possible dans la conception du plan. Sans non plus concevoir des espaces aseptis\u00e9s sans aucune potentialit\u00e9 de risque, il s\u2019agit d\u2019assimiler les pr\u00e9conisations s\u00e9curitaires pour mieux les <\/span><\/p>\n

Qu\u2019il s\u2019agisse d\u2019une structure atypique comme la pente de Belleville ou bien une aire d\u2019aventure originale inspir\u00e9e de The Land, il est essentiel d\u2019adapter les mod\u00e8les et les situations en fonction du lieu. <\/span><\/p>\n

Par exemple, en Allemagne, dans les quartiers r\u00e9sidentiels, de petits am\u00e9nagements ouverts sur l\u2019espace public se sont implant\u00e9s. Inspir\u00e9s des junk playground anglo-saxons, ils sont des zones en friche o\u00f9 sont laiss\u00e9s des objets recycl\u00e9s. Constamment ouverts et sans haie ou portillon, les enfants sont libres d\u2019y circuler. L\u2019usage de ces lieux passe aussi par la surveillance collective et informelle d\u2019un adulte \u00e0 proximit\u00e9. <\/span><\/p>\n

Concertation et ma\u00eetrise d\u2019usage<\/span><\/strong> <\/span><\/p>\n

La place de la concertatcion \u00e0 l\u2019initiative du projet peut \u00eatre un moteur dans la conception d\u2019aires de jeu plus permissives. A ce titre, la piste d\u2019escalade du parc de Belleville am\u00e9nag\u00e9e par BASE est r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement prise en exemple pour t\u00e9moigner de son originalit\u00e9 dans le paysage des aires de jeux traditionnelles fran\u00e7aises. Pour ce projet, une concertation de la mairie de Paris avait conclu que parents et enfants souhaitaient une aire qui encourage plus la prise de risque afin de responsabiliser progressivement les jeunes joueurs. Franck Poirier, cofondateur de BASE et directeur de l\u2019agence de Bordeaux, explique : <\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\u00ab C\u2019est au moment de la concertation que les habitants du quartier ont \u00e9mis l\u2019id\u00e9e directrice du projet, celle que nous mettons d\u00e9sormais en \u0153uvre dans nos propositions ludiques : la prise de risque. Il fallait cr\u00e9er un lieu o\u00f9 les enfants apprennent \u00e0 conna\u00eetre et d\u00e9passer leurs limites.<\/em>\u00bb<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Les concertations d\u2019avant-projet peuvent donc d\u00e9finir les pratiques et les usages souhait\u00e9s par les enfants et leurs parents. Les enfants auront toujours de nouvelles mani\u00e8res d\u2019interpr\u00e9ter les jeux et ses pratiques propos\u00e9es par le ma\u00eetre d\u2019\u0153uvre. Cette op\u00e9ration consiste donc \u00e0 donner une vraie place \u00e0 l\u2019enfant dans la conception des espaces qui lui sont d\u00e9di\u00e9s.<\/span><\/p>\n

A ce titre, la piste d\u2019escalade du parc de Belleville am\u00e9nag\u00e9e par BASE est r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement prise en exemple pour t\u00e9moigner de son originalit\u00e9 dans le paysage des aires de jeux traditionnelles fran\u00e7aises. Pour ce projet, une concertation de la mairie de Paris avait conclu que parents et enfants souhaitaient une aire qui encourage plus la prise de risque afin de responsabiliser progressivement les jeunes joueurs.<\/span><\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][divider line_type=”No Line” custom_height=”30″][image_with_animation image_url=”7654″ animation=”Fade In” hover_animation=”none” alignment=”” border_radius=”none” box_shadow=”none” image_loading=”default” max_width=”100%” max_width_mobile=”default”][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/6″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” bottom_padding=”3%” text_align=”left” el_id=”conclusion”][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/6″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”2\/3″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][divider line_type=”No Line” custom_height=”30″]

Sources :<\/strong><\/p>\n
    \n
  • De l\u2019aire de jeux au terrain d\u2019aventures, Dominique Gauzin-Muller, pp. 99-114<\/li>\n
  • The Guardian, ao\u00fbt 2008 – Risky play prepares kids for life de Adrian Voce, directeur de Play England<\/li>\n
  • Le Devoir, mars 2018 – Des terrains de jeu pens\u00e9s pour briser le cercle de la surprotection de Isabelle Par\u00e9<\/li>\n
  • The Guardian, juillet 2012 – Sense of adventure : what happened to playgrounds that give children space ? de Justin McGuirk<\/li>\n
  • Manuel illustr\u00e9 de bricolage urbain d\u2019Etienne Delprat, YA+K et Nicolas Bascop – Adventure playgrounds \/ Green thumbs and sore thumbs<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n <\/div>[divider line_type=”No Line” custom_height=”30″][nectar_cta btn_style=”see-through” heading_tag=”h5″ text_color=”#91c1c0″ button_color=”default” link_type=”regular” alignment=”left” display=”block” link_text=”RETOUR AUX SUJETS DE RECHERCHE” url=”\/recherche\/” margin_top=”50″][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/6″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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