{"id":14107,"date":"2019-08-27T10:29:42","date_gmt":"2019-08-27T08:29:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.baseland.fr\/recherches\/espaces-urbains-culturels\/"},"modified":"2021-01-06T17:02:05","modified_gmt":"2021-01-06T16:02:05","slug":"espaces-urbains-culturels","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.baseland.fr\/en\/recherches\/espaces-urbains-culturels\/","title":{"rendered":"Urban cultural spaces"},"content":{"rendered":"[vc_row type=”full_width_content” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” bg_image=”7656″ bg_position=”right top” bg_repeat=”no-repeat” scene_position=”center” text_color=”light” text_align=”left” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” class=”iconetop” id=”first” color_overlay=”#000000″ overlay_strength=”0.5″ gradient_direction=”left_to_right” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none” parallax_bg=”true” 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column_direction_phone=”default” bg_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0.3)” bg_image=”7656″ bg_position=”left top” bg_repeat=”no-repeat” scene_position=”center” top_padding=”12%” bottom_padding=”2%” text_color=”light” text_align=”center” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” color_overlay=”#000000″ overlay_strength=”0.5″ gradient_direction=”left_to_right” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none” parallax_bg=”true” parallax_bg_speed=”fixed” shape_type=””][vc_column column_padding=”padding-2-percent” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”left” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][vc_row_inner column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” text_align=”left”][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/5″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/5″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/5″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][image_with_animation image_url=”3544″ animation=”Fade In” hover_animation=”none” alignment=”center” border_radius=”none” box_shadow=”none” image_loading=”default” max_width=”100%” max_width_mobile=”default” el_class=”hache”][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/5″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/5″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” text_align=”center”][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][divider line_type=”No Line” custom_height=”100″][vc_column_text el_class=”titrepage”]CULTURAL REAPPROPRIATION
\nOF URBAN SPACE[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” top_padding=”5%” text_align=”left”][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/5″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/5″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none” enable_animation=”true” animation=”fade-in-from-bottom”][divider line_type=”No Line” custom_height=”10″][vc_column_text]BASE[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” el_class=”detailsart” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/5″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none” enable_animation=”true” animation=”fade-in-from-bottom”][divider line_type=”No Line” custom_height=”10″][vc_column_text]AUGUST 2019[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/5″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none” enable_animation=”true” animation=”fade-in-from-bottom”][divider line_type=”No Line” custom_height=”10″][vc_column_text]Read time : 5 min[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/5″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” bottom_padding=”5%” text_align=”left”][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/5″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/5″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none” enable_animation=”true” animation=”fade-in-from-bottom”][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/5″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none” enable_animation=”true” animation=”fade-in-from-bottom”][nectar_icon icon_family=”linea” enable_animation=”true” animation_speed=”slow” icon_style=”default” icon_color_type=”color_scheme” icon_color=”white” icon_padding=”20px” icon_linea=”icon-arrows-down” icon_size=”40″ url=”#intro”][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/5″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none” enable_animation=”true” animation=”fade-in-from-bottom”][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/5″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=”full_width_content” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” scene_position=”center” text_color=”light” text_align=”left” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” id=”intro” color_overlay=”#000000″ overlay_strength=”0.5″ gradient_direction=”left_to_right” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none” parallax_bg=”true” parallax_bg_speed=”fixed” shape_type=””][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”left” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][page_submenu alignment=”center” sticky=”true” bg_color=”#ffffff”][page_link title=”Retour” id=”1609948897858-5″ tab_id=”1609948897858-2″ link_url=”\/recherches\/”][\/page_link][page_link link_url=”#role” title=”La r\u00e9appropriation culturelle des espaces urbains” id=”1609948897879-8″ tab_id=”1609948897879-10″] [\/page_link][page_link title=”Conclusion” id=”1609948897886-3″ tab_id=”1609948897887-4″ link_url=”#conclusion”][\/page_link][\/page_submenu][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=”full_width_background” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” bg_image=”7656″ background_image_mobile_hidden=”true” bg_position=”center top” bg_repeat=”no-repeat” scene_position=”center” bottom_padding=”6%” text_color=”dark” text_align=”left” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” class=”contenuarticle” overlay_strength=”0.5″ gradient_direction=”left_to_right” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none” parallax_bg=”true” parallax_bg_speed=”fixed” shape_type=””][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color=”#ffffff” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][vc_row_inner column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” text_align=”left” el_id=”role”][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/6″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”2\/3″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][divider line_type=”No Line”][vc_column_text el_class=”texteart”]Cet article fait partie du th\u00e8me : LA VILLE CREATIVE<\/p>\n

Fiche 1\u00a0: La classe cr\u00e9ative, conception innovante ou concept marketing\u00a0?<\/a><\/p>\n

Fiche 2\u00a0: La r\u00e9appropriation culturelle des espaces urbains<\/p>\n

Fiche 3\u00a0: Economie cr\u00e9ative et d\u00e9veloppement des territoires<\/a>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text el_class=”titreart”]Quels espaces marquent la r\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9ration urbaine par la culture ?[\/vc_column_text][divider line_type=”No Line” custom_height=”30″][vc_column_text el_class=”texteart”]Les nouveaux espaces de cr\u00e9ativit\u00e9 au sein de la ville sont intimement li\u00e9s au renouvellement et \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9clectisme des pratiques artistiques. L\u2019offre artistique marginale (off), proposant des alternatives sociales et politiques va \u00eatre progressivement reconnue par la sc\u00e8ne artistique in, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire la culture dite l\u00e9gitime.<\/p>\n

On assiste \u00e0 la massification d\u2019une classe moyenne sup\u00e9rieure \u00ab consommatrice \u00bb de culture qui s\u2019int\u00e9resse \u00e0 une diversit\u00e9 bien plus large d\u2019offres culturelles. Cette nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration ne fait plus de distinction de valeur entre une culture dite \u00ab l\u00e9gitime \u00bb et la culture populaire ou alternative, les fronti\u00e8res symboliques de la culture perdant peu \u00e0 peu leur sens. De cette mani\u00e8re, les pratiques culturelles sont devenues hybrides.<\/p>\n

Les lieux de culture dans la ville sont donc tr\u00e8s divers : un jeune parisien peut tout autant assister \u00e0 une pi\u00e8ce de la Com\u00e9die-Fran\u00e7aise, aller \u00e0 une soir\u00e9e techno dans un squat d\u2019artistes et faire partie d\u2019une troupe de cirque amateur. Ces espaces off de cr\u00e9ation artistique sont essentiels pour cr\u00e9er les conditions d\u2019une ville cr\u00e9ative, laissant s\u2019exprimer des pratiques in\u00e9dites et impr\u00e9vues. E. Vivant conclut sa r\u00e9flexion sur la ville cr\u00e9ative en affirmant :
\n\u00ab Plut\u00f4t que de concevoir une ville cr\u00e9ative, le d\u00e9fi de l\u2019urbaniste est de cr\u00e9er les conditions de la s\u00e9rendipit\u00e9 et de la cr\u00e9ativit\u00e9 en laissant de l\u2019espace \u00e0 cet inconnu, en acceptant qu\u2019apparaissent des pratiques non planifi\u00e9es, voire non autoris\u00e9es, en rendant possibles les rencontres impr\u00e9vues et improbables.<\/em> \u00bb
\nDans ce sens, l\u2019\u00e9mergence de nouveaux espaces de cr\u00e9ation dans des lieux abandonn\u00e9s illustre cette nouvelle repr\u00e9sentation sociale de la ville. En effet, pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la dissolution du tissu urbain marqu\u00e9 par l\u2019industrialisation, il est courant que les artistes r\u00e9investissent des hangars d\u00e9saffect\u00e9s en \u00ab friches culturelles \u00bb.<\/p>\n

Cette r\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9ration urbaine, fruit de l\u2019\u00e9conomie cr\u00e9ative, s\u2019op\u00e8re avant tout programme de r\u00e9habilitation ou de requalification. La reconqu\u00eate de ces espaces industriels propose ainsi une nouvelle conception du paysage culturel des villes. Elles peuvent impliquer un changement d\u2019analyse de l\u2019espace urbain.<\/p>\n

Les friches peuvent \u00eatre spontan\u00e9es et donner lieu \u00e0 un rapport de force entre les acteurs du lieu, le propri\u00e9taire et les pouvoirs publics, comme cela a \u00e9t\u00e9 le cas \u00e0 Berlin-Est suite \u00e0 la chute du mur. Ces friches rebelles ont \u00e9t\u00e9 forc\u00e9es \u00e0 dispara\u00eetre car elles ont refus\u00e9 de se conformer aux normes culturelles des pouvoirs publics.<\/p>\n

Toutefois, certaines ont \u00e9t\u00e9 progressivement tol\u00e9r\u00e9es et institutionnalis\u00e9es pour se retrouver au c\u0153ur des politiques urbaines : apr\u00e8s avoir rejet\u00e9 leurs pratiques artistiques, elles cherchent \u00e0 utiliser ces espaces afin d\u2019en faire des leviers du d\u00e9veloppement urbain. Les exemples de la Custard Factory \u00e0 Birmingham ou de la Belle de Mai \u00e0 Marseille illustrent que le d\u00e9veloppement de ces friches peut servir de supports \u00e0 la cr\u00e9ation de quartiers plus aptes \u00e0 accueillir des productions culturelles.<\/p>\n

De plus, l\u2019usage des friches peut devenir une strat\u00e9gie pour les acteurs publics de revalorisation symbolique et sociale de ces quartiers, afin de les rendre plus attractifs sur le march\u00e9 foncier. En tant qu\u2019espaces compl\u00e9mentaires aux \u00e9quipements traditionnels et objets d\u00e9terminants dans l\u2019image innovante et cr\u00e9ative des villes, les friches culturelles sont une cat\u00e9gorie \u00e0 part enti\u00e8re de l\u2019action culturelle locale.<\/p>\n

La requalification paysag\u00e8re et architecturale des r\u00e9gions post-industrielles en d\u00e9clin tend de plus en plus \u00e0 mobiliser les professionnels de l\u2019am\u00e9nagement et de l\u2019urbanisme. C\u2019est le cas de l\u2019initiative IBA Basel, qui s\u2019est donn\u00e9 entre 2010 et 2020 de d\u00e9velopper et de redynamiser la r\u00e9gion de la Ruhr \u00e0 travers des projets innovants en France, en Allemagne et en Suisse. Le projet de friche culturelle r\u00e9alis\u00e9 dans le site DMC de Mulhouse est repr\u00e9sentatif de la requalification de l\u2019espace engag\u00e9e par IBA.<\/p>\n

Ces lieux sont en rupture avec la conception \u00e9litiste de la d\u00e9mocratisation culturelle et l\u2019optique manag\u00e9riale que les politiques fran\u00e7ais ont longtemps d\u00e9ploy\u00e9. Au contraire, nombre de friches r\u00e9apprivois\u00e9es sont au d\u00e9part les nids d\u2019un projet politique et social alternatif s\u2019articulant avec les pratiques artistiques.<\/p>\n

La r\u00e9appropriation de ces espaces alternatifs par les politiques urbaines afin de redynamiser un quartier peut alors se heurter au d\u00e9sir d\u2019un mode de vie diff\u00e9rent des acteurs du lieu. Il s\u2019agit donc de mesurer le degr\u00e9 d\u2019institutionnalisation de la friche et le maintien d\u2019une atmosph\u00e8re propice au renouvellement d\u2019activit\u00e9s culturelles et artistiques qui \u00e9chappent \u00e0 la r\u00e8glementation et au contr\u00f4le du politique.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/6″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” bottom_padding=”3%” text_align=”left” el_id=”conclusion”][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/6″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”2\/3″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][divider line_type=”No Line” custom_height=”30″]

Sources :<\/strong><\/p>\n